Butterfly, the beautiful animal of nature

Butterfly is the well-known invertebrate of animal kingdom. It belongs to the class insecta of the phylum arthropoda. Being the representative animal of phylum arthropoda, it exhibits all the general characters of phylum arthropoda like body covering with the exoskeleton of chitin, jointed appendages in the body, distribution in the air and other terrestrial habitat but wide capacity of tolerance to survive even in the cold climate of the peak of the mountains. Butterflies are of different colors and they use to live in the gardens especially during the day times.
  Their body can be divided into the three parts: they are anterior head, middle thorax and the posterior abdomen. Head consists of a pair of compund eyes, a pair of clavate antennae and mouth parts. They have the siphoning type of mouth parts which is adapted for sucking up the nectars of flowers. This type of mouth part consists of a well-developed proboscis which is used to form a sucking tube for collecting nectar of flowers. They have one pair of wings which lie vertical in position when they are at the resting stage.They remain active during the day time. Such animals are called diurnal animals.

Amphibians of Nepal

Amphibians of Nepal are of various types. There are 43 species of amphibians reported from Nepal according to (Shaha,1995) and Tiwari (2004).Shaha and Tiwari reported 53 species of amphibians from Nepal in "Herpeto fauna of Nepal: A conservation companion". They are of considerable aesthetic and economic importance. Some of them are found in great abundance in the remote hills and plains of Nepal. Some formerly common have become increasingly rare due to habitat destruction, pollution of the streams, lakes etc where they live. In the villages , the frogs are extensively hunted for commercial purposes. Some tree frogs are caught and kept in earthen  pots and marketed in the living form.The killed frogs are dried or smoked and are sold in the off season.
 Purplw Caecilian (Ichthyophis glutinosa) is a burrowing amphibian reported from the locality of Butwal  area. It is the only representative genus and species from the order Apoda.
 Himalayan newt or salamander (Tylototrion verrucosus)  commonly called pani kukur is the only urodel found in Arun valley of Nepal.

Giardia, the endoparasite

Giardia is one of the endoparasite which lives inside the alimentary canal of men and other vertebrates. This is the unicellular protozoan which comes under the class ciliata. Giardia lambla or Giardia intestinalis is a parasite in the small intestine and colon of men. It remains attached in masses to the mucus membrane from where it absorbs food consisting mainly of mucus.Occasionally the parsite invades the bile ducts and gall bladder.Other species of Giardia are parasites in the intestine of vertebrates.
Giardia has an elliptical body which is bilaterally symmetrical. The dorsal side is convex, but the ventral side is flat or may be convex.. The anterior end is rounded and the posterior end is tapering.In the anterior half of the ventral surface is a concave sucking disc for attachment to the host.There are two vesicular nuclei and four pairs of long flagella.Passing through teh cytoplasm from the anterior to the posterior end are two parallel ,flexible, needle like axostyleswhich support the body. The nuclei are attached by fibrils to the axostyles. Just behind he sucking discs is a deep staining parabasal body.
   Giardia prevents absorption of fats by the host inside the body of which it lives. The unabsorbed fat causes diarrhoea.It also forms oval thick-walled cysts. Cyst undergoes the division of nuclei inside it as a result of which four nuclei  are formed. The cysts pass out with the faeces and remain infective for about ten daysor more. The parasites can be removed by the treatment of the disease by the help of antimalarial drugs like chloroquin ans antrebrin.

Dinosaur

Dinosaurs are the giant reptiles of prehistoric times. The geological survey of India has brought to light fossil remains of dinosaurs at Siranatham at Kallamedu in Tiruchirapalli district of Tamilnadu. These great dinosaurs which ruled earth for about 150 million years ago. came extinct 65 million years ago.There extinction was probably due to their great size and small brains which prevented them  from effectively competing with mammals.
 As the dinosaurs were the huge bodied dominant animals as frightening as any animals with their fearful appearance every body especially children  are afraid of their name. They always use to ask the different questions regarding dinosaurs how they are,  what they do, what they eat, where they live , How often they us etc appear in the different forms , how to see them without fear etc etc. Any way dinosaurs are the fearful reptiles like the huge lizards which were flourishing in the mesozoic era of the earth's history. They were dominating all the animals of nature including the human beings